See toun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Government",
"orig": "enm:Government",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Chichewa",
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"borrowed"
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{
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],
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},
{
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],
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"borrowed"
],
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},
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"borrowed"
],
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"word": "タウン"
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],
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],
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{
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"word": "kaona"
},
{
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"borrowed"
],
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},
{
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "Taun"
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"borrowed"
],
"roman": "taun",
"word": "タウン"
}
],
"lang": "English",
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"tags": [
"Northumbria"
],
"word": "toon"
},
{
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{
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{
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"borrowed"
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"word": "kaona"
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{
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "Taun"
},
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"borrowed"
],
"roman": "taun",
"word": "タウン"
}
],
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"word": "toune"
},
{
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],
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "towne"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
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},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "toun"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "teun"
},
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "toon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "toun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "toon"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "toun"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "toun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"word": "town"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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},
{
"lang": "Scots",
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"word": "toon"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "tone"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "teoune"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
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}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:tūn"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"stronghold, rampart\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*tūną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*tūn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"tūn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"toun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"toun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tūną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tūną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "towne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tun",
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"alternative"
]
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]
}
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"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
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},
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"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 46 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 46 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"A town or city; a locally governed settlement, often fortified."
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-fCn0rkKx",
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"locally governed",
"local government"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"fortified",
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]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 65 5",
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"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 60 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 46 8",
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},
{
"_dis": "46 46 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
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}
],
"glosses": [
"A hamlet or village; a rural settlement (conceived as grouped buildings)"
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-n5ZOhjCM",
"links": [
[
"hamlet",
"hamlet"
],
[
"village",
"village"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"group",
"group#English"
],
[
"building",
"building#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A farmstead or manor; a rural estate."
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-dkCMKfT-",
"links": [
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
],
[
"manor",
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],
[
"rural",
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],
[
"estate",
"estate"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːn/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dweh₂-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Government"
],
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},
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],
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},
{
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"borrowed"
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],
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},
{
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
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},
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],
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},
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{
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"borrowed"
],
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},
{
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
"lang_code": "pdc",
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "Taun"
},
{
"lang": "Japanese",
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"borrowed"
],
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}
],
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"Bermuda"
],
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},
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"borrowed"
],
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},
{
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"borrowed"
],
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},
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "tāun"
},
{
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "Taun"
},
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],
"roman": "taun",
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}
],
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"Northumbria"
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"word": "toon"
},
{
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"borrowed"
],
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{
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],
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},
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},
{
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"borrowed"
],
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},
{
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"borrowed"
],
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}
],
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],
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},
{
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{
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"borrowed"
],
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},
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"borrowed"
],
"roman": "taun",
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}
],
"lang": "English",
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"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "towne"
},
{
"lang": "English",
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},
{
"lang": "English",
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},
{
"lang": "English",
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},
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"lang": "Geordie",
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},
{
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{
"lang": "Scots",
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},
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],
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],
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},
{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Scots",
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"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"word": "tone"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "teoune"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
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}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:tūn"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"stronghold, rampart\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*tūną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*tūn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"tūn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"toun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"toun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tūną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tūną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "towne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "toun",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A town or city; a locally governed settlement, often fortified."
],
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"locally governed",
"local government"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A hamlet or village; a rural settlement (conceived as grouped buildings)"
],
"links": [
[
"hamlet",
"hamlet"
],
[
"village",
"village"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"group",
"group#English"
],
[
"building",
"building#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A farmstead or manor; a rural estate."
],
"links": [
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
],
[
"manor",
"manor"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"estate",
"estate"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːn/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toun meaning in Middle English (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.